Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Approximately 9.4% of children in the United States are impacted by Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), including 4 million between the ages of 6 and 11. We know that boys are about twice as likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than their female counterparts. Children who have ADHD also typically struggle in other areas of their lives. For example, 50% of children with ADHD also have a behavior or conduct problem, and approximately 30% also struggle with symptoms of anxiety.
ADHD is characterized by a pattern of inattention and hyperactivity behavior that has persisted for at least six months. Individuals with symptoms of inattention often fail to give close attention to detail, often do not seem to listen when spoken to and often have trouble organizing tasks and activities. They are also easily distracted, are often forgetful in daily activities, and avoids tasks which require mental effort over a long period of time. It’s important to note that these are examples of typical inattention symptoms, and each individual will have a unique constellation of symptoms that reflect their specific problem areas. Individuals who display patterns of hyperactivity often have trouble waiting their turn, talks excessively, and are often ‘on the go.’ In addition, hyperactive children will often squirm in their seats, interrupt others and leaves their seat when they are expected to remain seated.
In addition, these behaviors must have been present since before the age of twelve. They also must be observed in at least two settings – for example at home and at school/work. Finally, the inattention or hyperactivity is likely to interfere with an individual’s quality of social, school or work functioning, causing significant stress and problematic repercussions.
Treatment of ADHD includes behavioral treatment, medication or a combination of the two. In addition, children with ADHD often receive additional support through their school where appropriate, including but not limited to, accommodations to support them in the classroom. Social skills training, peer support, organizational training and cognitive-behavioral therapy are also useful tools to treat symptoms of ADHD.